Capacitor formula:  W = 0.5 x C x V2 x Hz  where:

	W is the energy in Joules (Joules = Volts x Amps x seconds)
	C is the capacitance in Farads
	V is the voltage
	Hz is the cycles per second

Inductor formula:  W = 0.5 x L x A2 x Hz  where:

	W is the energy in Joules
	L is the inductance in Henrys
	A is the current in amps
	Hz is the frequency in cycles per second

Both one Henry and one Farad equal one volt. The higher the frequency, including the squaring of the flux lines, causes a large increase in the amount of energy being produced. This, combined with the use of a resonant energy induction system (all electrons moving in the same direction at the same time), make the move into COP>1 practical.

The damping process of conventional electrical power generation, has all of the available electrons bouncing randomly, mostly cancelling out each other, and so the useful energy available is only a very small percentage of the energy which is present. In a resonant induction system, a very high percentage of the energy present is useful. When resonant, (ohms-impedance-Z) becomes zero and all of the energy present becomes available, undegraded. Ohms is load or wasted energy and amperes is the rate of that wasting.

Now, apply this information to an air-core coil resonant transformer energy system. L-1 and L-2 coils are now present. L-1 has fewer turns and is several times the diameter of L-2. Input from a 12-volt 'gelcel' high-voltage laser module, produces 8,000 volts with low (wasted energy) amperage into 4 turns of coil L-1. Each turn of L-1 then acquires 2,000 volts of resonant potential. Each turn of L-2 is then exposed to an electric flux of 2,000 volts. Each turn at the bottom end of L-2 acquires 2,000 volts. The flux lines are squared and are additive as the voltage and amperage progress towards the top end of L-2's many turns.

A huge number of flux lines which were not previously present, occur at the top end of L-2. These flux lines excite the electrons nearby in it's earth and air and groundings. This high level of excitement above the ambient, causes a large number of electrons to become available, electrons which previously, were not part of the energy present. At this point, large amounts of excess energy is present. This COP>1 device produces energy at radio frequencies in the megahertz range and this allows it to be small in size and yet produce large amounts of energy. A megawatt sized unit will sit comfortably on a breakfast table. The energy is changed to direct current, and then, to the desired working frequency.

The energy powering these devices is drawn from the surrounding energy field and is not conventional electricity and it does not flow through the wire of the ‘secondary’ coil, but instead, it runs along the outside of the coil and through space to strike the surface of the metal plate, where it generates conventional electric current. Thomas Henry Moray demonstrated that this energy flowing along the outside of the wire can pass through glass without being affected in any way.

In his 1995 paper Don Smith presents the following diagram:


While Tesla’s experiment used a metal plate, he patented (US 512,340) a coil type which he said is very effective in picking up this radiant energy. This "pancake" coil type goes by the rather impressive name of “bi-filar serial-connected coil”, which, despite it's impressive name is not difficult to wind using two separate strands of wire as shown here:


If a strong magnetic field is positioned across the spark gap as shown above, it sharpens the cut-off of the spark and enhances the uni-directional character of the pulse of current.   It should be remembered that if a very short sharp pulse of uni-directional current such as is produced by a spark jumping across a spark gap as in the arrangement shown above, occurs in a conductor, then a strong wave of radiant energy radiates out in a plane at right angles to the pulse of current.

This radiant energy wave is quite different from the electromagnetic field generated around the wire carrying the pulse of current.   In the Tesla coil arrangement shown above, it should be possible to gather additional free energy through one or more co-axial (like layers of an onion) cylindrical coils around the spark gap leads.   These coils will be better if they are would as bi-filar serially-connected coils, which just means that the wire used to wind them is doubled over from its mid point before the coil is wound.   The reason for this arrangement is that the magnetic field component of the coils is (nearly) zero as the current flowing through the wire is flowing in opposite directions in alternate turns, and so the magnetic fields produced should cancel out:


Tesla was granted US Patent 685, 957 “Apparatus for the Utilisation of Radiant Energy” in which he shows various ways of handling the energy collected by the metal plate.   It is likely that the pick-up techniques shown in the patent of Hermann Plauston, which is in the Appendix, would also work very effectively with this collected energy.   Old patents sometimes mention a “condenser” which is the original term for what is nowadays called a “capacitor”.

After careful consideration and many experiments, Tesla concluded that the radiant rays which he was utilising, radiated out so rapidly that electrons were unable to keep up with them.   The rays were being carried via a medium consisting of extremely mobile, almost mass-less particles, very much smaller than electrons and which, because of their size and speed, could pass easily through most materials.   In spite of their small size, their extreme speed caused them to have considerable momentum.   A fact which is very difficult to come to terms with is that these rays seem to propagate outwards instantly, with no time delay at all, as if transmitted through matter which is wholly incompressible.   It is sometimes called “Radiant Energy” or “RE” for short and appears to have no net charge in conventional terms.   This is a unique feature of the universe, with unique characteristics, which if utilised, provides a whole host of new applications and capabilities.

Tesla considered that this newly discovered field acted like a fluid.   A hundred and fifteen years later, the cover story of the December 2005 edition of the ‘Scientific American’ journal states that experimental models hint that space-time could be a kind of fluid.   It has taken a long time for modern science to start catching up with Tesla.   In actual fact, it was Michael Faraday (1781 - 1867) who came up with the idea in the first place.


The Alberto Molina-Martinez Generator.   US patent application US 20020125774 of 6th March 2002, shows a self-powered electrical generator.   Like that used by Bob Boyce, this is a toroidal (ring-shaped) frame with several windings on it, as shown in the diagram below.   Once it has been powered up with AC mains frequency voltage, it produces so much power that it can supply it’s own input power requirement as well as powering other loads such as lightbulbs.   This patent application is shown in full in the Appendix.

It is said that the Toroid device built by Stephen Mark and shown in web videos, is a replication of this generator design.   This forum is dedicated to replicating Stephen Mark’s device and considerable progress has been made.   This group is operating on the basis that instead of a metallic toroid core as shown here, that a Mobius-loop toroidal wire core is used.   At this point in time, their efforts have not yet produced a circuit which exhibits a COP>1 performance

You will notice that very many different devices, aimed at doing different things, all operate by generating very sharp DC pulses

So, a wide range of different devices have the same background technique for making them work.   Meyer used the pulsing for water-splitting in a hydroxy gas cell. Bedini uses the pulsing to charge batteries with cold electricity.   Tesla used the pulsing to charge batteries, provide heating, cooling and lighting.   Boyce uses pulsing to obtain electrolysis at 1,200% of Faraday’s stated maximum rate of electrolysis.   Gray used the pulsing to capture cold electricity to drive a powerful electric motor.   Many different applications all based on using very short, very sharp, high-voltage pulses.


Alfred Hubbard.   In 1920 Alfred Hubbard demonstrated his ‘Atmospheric Power Generator’ which was said to have an output power of some three times greater than the input power.   It is difficult to determine the exact details of its construction, but the best information to hand suggests the following:


It consisted of one tall central iron-cored ‘primary’ coil 15 inches high.   The core was made from 16 iron rods and the winding made of 43 turns of cable.   The cable had 7 cores each of 0.09” diameter, forming a bundle 0.204” in diameter inside the insulation which had an outside diameter of 0.34” which is American Wire Gauge Size 4 wire.

Placed around the central coil were 8 ‘secondary’ coils wound on low-carbon steel fence pipe of 2” inner diameter and approximately 2.25” outer diameter (57 mm), 15 inches high.   The windings were also 43 turns of AWG No 4 wire and the coils were wired with the bottom of each coil connected to the top of the adjacent coil, i.e. the secondary coils were wired in series.   The secondary coils touch each other tangentially and they also touch the central primary winding tangentially.


The generator was initially demonstrated powering an 18-foot boat with a 35 horsepower electric motor, around Portage Bay on Lake Union, Seattle at eight to ten knots, starting from the Seattle Yacht Club wharf.   It appears that the wires should have been larger diameter as they started to overheat quite quickly.   Dozens of people witnessed this demonstration and it was reported in the local Seattle press.   Alfred is reported to have referred to the secondary windings as “electromagnets” each having both primary and secondary windings of copper wire.   Details of the device are presented in Joseph Cater’s book “Awesome Force” which attempts to explain the theory of its operation.

The circuit looks deceptively simple, with the DC input being converted to a rapid train of very short duration pulses, stepped up in voltage and fed to the primary winding.   The output is passed through a step-down transformer and was said to be 280 Amps at 125 Volts:


The variable capacitors shown are used to tune the input and output circuits to their resonant frequencies.   There appears to be similarities between this circuit and the circuitry used by Edwin Gray when he was using his power tube to drive mains light bulbs and other standard electrical equipment.   Edwin used air-cored transformer windings of very heavy-duty wire, to drive the loads and while Alfred does have steel formers for the secondary coils, they are mainly air-core, unlike his primary coil.   Edwin and Nikola Tesla were tapping the same source of power, and since Alfred Hubbard worked with Tesla for a short period, it seems likely that his transformer is based on the same techniques that Tesla used so successfully.

It may well be that Alfred’s circuitry was actually constructed more like Tesla’s circuitry for his unique coils.   It might have been like this:




Alfred’s association with Tesla raises some interesting points.   Firstly, Tesla was aware that to generate Radiant Energy waves of the type that Edwin Gray trapped so successfully, ideally, uni-directional pulses of very short duration (1 millisecond or less) were needed.   The best way to generate these is using a spark, so it is distinctly possible that Alfred’s oscillator contained a spark generator.   Secondly, Tesla was aware that a serially-connected bi-filar wound coil is a very effective device for collecting Radiant Energy.   Might it be possible that the information on how the secondary coils were wound and connected is not quite correct, and that while the coils were connected in series, they were bifilar-wound?

In fact, it seems much more likely that there were separate inner bi-filar windings connected in series while the outer bi-filar windings were also connected in series, especially since, it was reported that the device had four wires coming out of it.   This strongly suggests that the bi-filar series-connected ‘secondary’ windings were connected internally to form the final circuit and that the four wires were one pair for the primary winding and one pair for the serially-connected pickup set of sixteen windings:


The device was examined and tested fully by Father William Smith, professor of physics at Seattle College.   He was quoted as saying “I unhesitatingly say that Hubbard’s invention is destined to take the place of existing power generators”.   While this indicates that Professor Smith’s examination and tests showed that the device worked extremely well, he clearly was not aware of the marketplace opposition to any commercial form of free-energy device.

It has been suggested that the core of the device was packed with radio-active material (probably radium) and that an outer steel cylinder was placed around the device to absorb excess radiation.   If that was so, the amount of material would have been very minor, and used only to ionise the air around the coils to improve the energy pick up.   Any radio-active material used would have been similar to the ‘luminous’ paint which used to be applied to the hands of alarm clocks, and consequently, fairly harmless.

What appears to be an implementation of the Hubbard coil system, or perhaps a very closely related device is Joseph H. Cater’s self-sustaining electrical generator. As usual, information on it is limited and not particularly clear, so the following is just my attempt to piece together some information from different sources. Much of this information comes from a document which has Geoff Egel’s name on it and although it seems likely that Geoff is quoting some other source, my thanks goes to him for sharing what we have here. The diagrams give the names of various minor websites none of which exist any longer and so these have been removed as they have no useful purpose any longer. Here is an original diagram from this information:


As it seems to me that there are many conflicting details in this information, I am presenting it here in pretty much the same form in which it reached me:

Mr. Cater claims that a group in California built this device which, it is claimed, performed very well, but he does not claim that he has personally seen or tested such a device. This design is published for researchers and experimenters in order that a working prototype may be developed. Mr. Cater says "I would be willing to give big odds that if my instructions are carried out to the letter, then sensational results will be obtained. It should easily outperform any other generator that has ever been built including the Moray and the Hubbard devices. It could easily be mass-produced.

Some years ago I got word from someone in Germany who built a similar configuration (a very poor replica of this one, where the output coil consisted of only windings on a solid iron bar which in turn was surrounded by smaller coils on smaller bars which constituted the input. Even this was quite successful as the output was three times the input. I do not know what happened to the builder but such a crude device as this could give the world free energy. The output of a small unit could be used as the input for a larger one and so on.”

Please bear in mind that these plans are not meant to be explicit in every fine detail, but are provided as the best guide that the author can make with the available data. Therefore you will need to use some of your own ingenuity and design skills in the construction of this rather unusual coil configuration.


The Primary Coil Input-driver: Suggestions for the Bench-test Prototype
I would suggest the construction of an input power supply which can vary Frequency, Voltage and Current. A frequency range of 50 Hz to 1,000 Hz would be a good starting point. The higher the frequency of the input current (the amperage and voltage being held constant) the greater the induced output E.M.F. as it is directly proportional to the frequency (the rate of change of the magnetic flux). A frequency of 50 or 60 Hz would be more convenient to experiment with as these frequencies are standard power mains frequencies, however a frequency of 360 Hz or higher is recommended.

Mr. Cater suggests that for experimental purposes in determining the input needed to get the desired output, that rectified 12 volt AC is used. Sinusoidal waves should be used and not square waves. Because of its tremendous potential, care should be taken to limit the amount of input current. One should start with a low frequency (50 or 60 Hz) and low amperage, then gradually increasing the current until the desired input / output is obtained.

Such caution was not followed with a previous model built by a group in California and it resulted in the disintegration of the output coil. The iron sheets in this model were not plated and did not have the caps fitted. Nevertheless, it was still an effective orgone accumulator. The gold plating of the iron sheets and the addition of the CAPS enables it to operate with a much lower input current and lower frequency.


The Primary Coils
If the outer body of your secondary coil is eight inches in diameter, then you won’t fit the recommended seventeen primary coils around its perimeter. If your primary coils are one and a half inches in diameter then these will fit nicely around the perimeter of an 8-inch diameter secondary coil. However, it is preferable to have larger primary coils as mentioned in Mr Cater’s opening comments, so it may be advisable to stick to the recommended 2-inch diameter size for the primary coils, but settle for one less and use only 16 primary coils.

Experimentation will decide which is the best way to go. For the purposes of this article I will refer to 2-inch diameter coils.

Cut medium gauge soft iron rods (oxy-welding rods will do) to 13-inch lengths. Be sure to de-burr the cut rods so that a compact fit is achieved.

Next, wind each coil separately with one terminal at each end (no gap ‘G’ is required for the primary coils). Then the primary coils are physically mounted around the large secondary coil - refer to Diagram 1.


The primary coils are then interconnected with suitable leads of the same gauge as the coil wire to form a series coil configuration. Refer to Diagram 2.


All coils must be wound in an identical manner so that the current in each one travels in a clockwise or counter clockwise direction. It is essential that the current flows in the same direction.


The Secondary Coil: Construction Notes
The secondary coil consists of a number of concentric cylinders and coils of three varying types repeated in a special sequence as detailed here.

1. You begin with the soft iron core in the same way as the primary iron cores were constructed. Use two inch diameter (2" OD) thin-walled PVC tubing cut to thirteen inches (13") in length, and packed with soft iron rods (oxyacetylene welding rods will do).
   
2. Around the central PVC tubing wrap the gold-plated iron sheeting so that the gold is facing outwards. The iron sheeting needs to be in the range 0.010" to 0.015" in thickness. The iron sheeting should be as thin as possible as you want to get the most powerful fluctuating magnetic field possible, induced as close to the wire as can be physically and electrically achieved.
   
   This is the reason for the oil-soaked iron powder. The purpose of the oil is, of course, to make the iron powder physically manageable. The thinner the iron sheeting the more completely magnetised it will be. The gold plating is only the frosting on the cake so to speak. It certainly does not need to be very thick and no, you don’t have to pay thousands of dollars for gold plating. A simple chemical process is used. Ask your local electro-plater for a lead in the right direction. As to the suppliers of the iron sheeting, you certainly wont find it down at your local hardware store as it is a rather a specialised item. Try transformer manufacturers or electric motor and generator suppliers.
   
   You will need eight (8) concentric iron cylinders. Each one will be thirteen inches (13”) wide with varying lengths depending on the circumference of each concentric layer. Allow a quarter inch over the circumference length to give a small overlap. You will need to devise a method for keeping the iron sheeting in position ready for the next stage of construction. Several spots of super glue should do the job nicely.
   
3. Now that you have wrapped your first iron layer around the central PVC tube containing the soft iron core, you are now ready to wind your first secondary coil. Use a heavy gauge enamel coated wire somewhere near the gauge of house wiring. If this is not available, then insulated single core wire will do. As with all the coils that are to be wound, whether primary or secondary, only one layer of wire is wound. When you are winding the secondary coil leave a small space between each turn. Refer to Diagram 3.

The gap ‘G’ reduces the inertia of flowing electrons as well as providing room for the oil-soaked iron powder which is to be packed between each winding. Perhaps 1 mm to 1.5 mm would be a sufficient gap between adjacent turns of the winding. However, before packing each coil with the iron powder, it would be advisable to lacquer the coil winding to seal it in position on the iron sheeting. This also provides extra insulative protection. The purpose of the non-metallic concentric spacers within the secondary coil serves two purposes:

a. To minimise the cancellation effects.
b. To produce an Orgone accumulator effect.

The material used could be heavy-duty PVC tubing with quarter-inch thick walls or quarter-inch thick sheeting, possibly heat treated, wrapped around the coils. You may be lucky for one or two of the concentric rings required, and have a piece of PVC tubing which is just the right diameter. For the remaining diameters you could reduce the circumference of a larger piece of tubing, thus converting it to the desired diameter. Be sure that the butt joint is perfect or that any gaps in the join are filled in with a suitable plastic filler. Some innovation and ingenuity may be required for this part of the construction. The general strategy for building this multi-layered secondary coil is to build it by winding each coil on separate concentric cylinders consisting of the gold-plated iron sheeting wrapped around the non-metallic spacer. The inner diameter of one cylinder will be the outer diameter of another. They are then joined together one inside the other. Fly wires are then used to interconnect the ends of each coil. For initial experiments this may be done in several ways, two of which are recommended by Mr. Cater:

1. Each concentric coil may be connected in series so that the current will flow in the same direction, either clockwise or counter clock wise as if it is one continuous coil.
   
   or
   
2. Each adjacent pair of coils is wired so that the current flows in the opposite direction to the adjacent pair of coils. In other words, the first two adjacent coils are connected in the clockwise direction, and then the next pair of adjacent coils is connected counter clock wise. The third pair will be clockwise and the fourth pair counter clockwise. Changing the wiring configuration can be achieved quite simply by rearranging the external fly leads which are used to interconnect each of the secondary coils.

The leads should take the shortest path around the outer face of the secondary coil and of course they should be of the same gauge as the actual coil winding itself. Refer to Diagram 4


The Side Caps
Now that you have completed the secondary coil and wound the primary coils, the next step is to cut the caps to their correct size so that their diameter will be big enough to cover in the entire primary and secondary coil assembly. Refer to Diagram 1 above where the required dimension is marked as "Dia. C”

1. Cut eight pieces of quarter-inch thick plastic sheeting to the diameter "Dia. C” dimension, 4 per cap, so 8 in total.
2. Cut eight pieces of gold-plated iron sheeting in the same manner.
3. Glue together the plastic and iron sheeting as illustrated in the expanded drawing Diagram 6.

Devise a method to attach the caps to the sides of the unit and a means of positioning the outer primary coils so that they are all held in their correct positions. Bear in mind that powerful magnetic forces will be present and that the unit itself will be quite heavy, so a strong form construction is needed. One suggestion is to use dowels to hold the caps in position and use suitably shaped plastic spacers to position and hold the primary coils in place. Once the caps have been fitted, the generator becomes a highly potent orgone accumulator.


Gold-plated iron is many, many times more effective than any other metallic material. The accumulator effect greatly increases the effectiveness of the generator.


Testing
Now that you have actually completed all the construction work, you now need a suitable input driver unit which should have been thoroughly tested and ready for driving the unit. Let’s be optimistic and hook up a good size load for the secondary, a couple of radiator bars (electric heaters) should do to begin with. Across the output terminals you can connect all the usual test gear.


Summary
The construction of the secondary coils may be carried out by completing the following steps:

1. Fill a thin-walled PVC tube of 2-inch diameter and 13-inches long, with soft iron rods.
2. Wrap the PVC tubing with the iron sheeting cut to 13” size with a 1/4" overlap along the tube, flush with the ends. Ensure that the gold side is facing outwards.
3. Wind the single-layer heavy-gauge coil with a suitable spacing between each turn of the winding and attach suitable terminals at each end of the wire.
4. Coat the coil winding with lacquer, sealing it in position.
5. Pack between each turn of the coil windings with oil-impregnated iron powder.
6. Wrap the coil and iron powder with ducting tape.
7. Fit the quarter-inch thick non-conductive spacer as described above.
8. Repeat step 2 to step 7, eight times and finish off by fitting an outer casing of the quarter-inch thick non- conducting material.

This Article first saw the light of day several years ago and it is believed, was first published in the Australian Free-Energy Newsletter called “Tuning In”.

Another source comments on the Cater device as follows:

A self-sustaining electric generator was demonstrated at Seattle, Washington in 1919 by an inventor named Hubbard. His invention was supposedly 14 inches long and 11 inches in diameter. It powered a 35 horsepower electric motor which pushed a boat continuously around the bay for several hours. This demonstration was witnessed by thousands. During the time of his demonstrations, Hubbard made a sketch of one of his smaller generators used to power ordinary electrical appliances shown in Fig. 28:



It was approximately six inches long and about five inches in diameter. It consisted of eight coils in series, wound on iron cores which in turn surrounded a slightly larger central coil. The central coil was wound on a hollow tube which contained many small rods of soft iron. Four terminals extended from the unit, two connecting to the outer coils which received the input current, while the other two came from the central coil.

It is highly significant that both wires used in the generator appeared to be of heavy gauge like those used in power lines with the same kind of insulation. Each coil had only one layer of this wire which means that only a moderate number of turns were used in the entire generator. It is known that the generator produced a fluctuating current of an undisclosed frequency and had no moving parts.

The basic principle on which the generator operated is apparent. A small current passed through a coil with a moderate number of turns per unit length will magnetise an iron core to a surprising degree. This principle is utilised to great advantage in electromagnets. What apparently hasn’t been realised is that during the brief interval in which the current builds up after it is turned on, an induced EMF (voltage) is produced in the coil by the changing magnetic flux, which is in the same direction as the current. This induced EMF is the result of the magnetic field produced by the magnetisation of the iron core. If this induced EMF were in the opposite direction to the current, then a sizeable current could never be produced in the coil as the EMF opposing the current would automatically cancel it before it could increase.



Fig. 29 shows a graph of the magnetisation of an iron core plotted against ampere turns per unit length. The term “ampere turns” is the number of turns of the coil per unit length multiplied by the number of amps of current flowing through the coil. For example, a current of 1 amp flowing through a coil of 100 turns will produce the same effect as 2 amps flowing through a coil of the same length which has only 50 turns.

There is a section on the curve where a slight increase in ampere turns will produce a tremendous in magnetisation of the iron core. The cause of this phenomenon should be analysed. It seems strange that just a few ampere-turns can produce extensive and significant magnetisation of the iron core. Yet, the observable magnetic field produced by the current without the magnetic core is tiny by comparison. A similar field produced by a permanent magnet, would be unable to induce a noticeable magnetisation of the iron. This is something which conventional science has found convenient to ignore.

If an alternating current is passed through an electromagnet and the ampere-turns exceed a critical point, a chain reaction takes place in the coil, producing a tremendous increase of current in the coil. This is responsible for transformers which occasionally burn out during current surges. In some cases the sudden increase in current is sufficient to push the ampere-turns value into this critical range. The chain reaction results from an increase in the magnetisation of the iron which produces an increase in the current, which then produces an additional large increase in magnetisation, and so on until the iron reaches its maximum degree of magnetisation.

This process occurs during the first half of the AC cycle. The EMF is flowing in the direction opposite to that of the current after it reaches its maximum value and the second part of the cycle begins. This EMF, which is the same magnitude as that which brought the current to its maximum value during the first part of the cycle, now acts as a brake and stops the current. The applied alternating EMF then starts the current in the opposite direction and the identical process occurs again with the current flowing in the opposite direction.

Normal working transformers have ampere-turns which are well below this critical point. The additional EMF induced in the coils by the magnetisation of the iron offsets the natural inductive impedance of the coils. This is why transformers have such a high degree of efficiency. If any material other than iron or special steel were used for the core, the efficiency would drop significantly.

A normal square-wave pulsed current cannot be used in such a device due to the very short time of the rise and fall of the applied voltage, so a sine wave power supply is needed to produce this effect. Since the induced EMF in a coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux, it follows that the higher the frequency of this sine wave supply, the better.

There is possibly another factor which could contribute to the success of the Hubbard device. At that time, the only insulated wire available had thick and heavy insulation. This means that adjacent turns of wire in the coil were separated by a distance equal to twice the thickness of the insulation. Consequently, the gap resulted in a cancellation of magnetic effects produced by electrons flowing in the wire. Since inertia is dependent on the ability to generate a magnetic field, the inertial properties of the electrons would be almost nullified.

There is an optimum distance between the wires which would produce the maximum effect. It seems likely that the thick insulation on Hubbard’s wire produced this optimum distance. Most of the resultant magnetic field was that which encircled both wires and that would be the weaker part of the field. This means that a relatively low EMF could accelerate a larger number of electrons to a high velocity during a very short period of time. As the electrons leave the coil, inertia returns. This would result in a backup of a high concentration of electrons in the coil. Since electrostatic repulsion is not affected, electrons would be ejected from the coil at a high velocity despite their increased inertia. This would produce an output of both high voltage and high amperage.



Floyd Sweet’s VTA.   Another device in this category of pulsed devices which tap external energy was produced by Floyd (“Sparky”) Sweet.   The device was dubbed “Vacuum Triode Amplifier” or “VTA” by Tom Bearden and the name has stuck, although it does not appear to be a particularly accurate description.   There is very little practical information available on this device, though there is a video of it in operation on the web.


The device was capable of producing more than 1 kW of output power at 120 Volts, 60 Hz and is self-powered.   The output is energy which resembles electricity in that it powers motors, lamps, etc. but as the power increases through any load there is a temperature drop instead of the expected temperature rise.

When it became known that he had produced the device he became the target of serious threats, some of which were delivered face-to-face in broad daylight.   It is quite possible that the concern was due to the device tapping zero-point energy, which when done at high currents opens a whole new can of worms.   One of the observed characteristics of the device was that when the current was increased, the measured weight of the apparatus reduced by about a pound.   While this is hardly new, it suggests that space/time was being warped.   The German scientists at the end of WWII had been experimenting with this (and killing off the unfortunate people who were used to test the system) - if you have considerable perseverance, you can read up on this in Nick Cook’s inexpensive book “The Hunt for Zero-Point” ISBN 0099414988.

Floyd found that the weight of his device reduced in proportion to the amount of energy being produced.   But he found that if the load was increased enough, a point was suddenly reached where a loud sound like a whirlwind was produced, although there was no movement of the air.   The sound was heard by his wife Rose who was in another room of their apartment and by others outside the apartment.   Floyd did not increase the load further (which is just as well as he would probably have received a fatal dose of radiation if he had) and did not repeat the test.   In my opinion, this is a potentially dangerous device.   It should be noted that a highly lethal 20,000 Volts is used to ‘condition’ the magnets and the principles of operation are not understood at this time.   Also, there is insufficient information to hand to provide realistic advice on practical construction details.

On one occasion, Floyd accidentally short-circuited the output wires.   There was a bright flash and the wires became covered with frost.   It was noted that when the output load was over 1 kW, the magnets and coils powering the device became colder, reaching a temperature of 20 degrees Fahrenheit below room temperature.   On one occasion, Floyd received a shock from the apparatus with the current flowing between the thumb and the small finger of one hand.   The result was an injury akin to frostbite, causing him considerable pain for at least two weeks.

Observed characteristics of the device include:

1. The output voltage does not change when the output power is increased from 100W to 1 kW.
2. The device needs a continuous load of at least 25W.
3. The output falls in the early hours of the morning but recovers later on without any intervention.
4. A local earthquake can stop the device operating.
5. The device can be started in self-powered mode by briefly applying 9 Volts to the drive coils.
6. The device can be stopped by momentary interruption of the power to the power coils.
7. Conventional instruments operate normally up to an output of 1 kW but stop working above that output level, with their readings showing zero or some other spurious reading.

It appears that Floyd’s device was comprised of one or two large ferrite permanent magnets (grade 8, size 150 mm x 100 mm x 25 mm) with coils wound in three planes mutually at right angles to each other (i.e. in the x, y and z axes).   The magnetisation of the ferrite magnets is modified by suddenly applying 20,000 Volts from a bank of capacitors (510 Joules) or more to plates on each side of it while simultaneously driving a 1 Amp 60 Hz (or 50 Hz) alternating current through the energising coil.   The alternating current should be at the frequency required for the output.   The voltage pulse to the plates should be applied at the instant when the ‘A’ coil voltage reaches a peak.   This needs to be initiated electronically.

It is said that the powering of the plates causes the magnetic material to resonate for a period of about fifteen minutes, and that the applied voltage in the energising coil modifies the positioning of the newly formed poles of the magnet so that it will in future, resonate at that frequency and voltage.   It is important that the voltage applied to the energising coil in this ‘conditioning’ process be a perfect sinewave.   Shock, or outside influence can destroy the ‘conditioning’ but it can be reinstated by repeating the conditioning process.   It should be noted that the conditioning process may not be successful at the first attempt but repeating the process on the same magnet is usually successful.   Once conditioning is completed, the capacitors are no longer needed.   The device then only needs a few milliwatts of 60 Hz applied to the input coil to give up to 1.5 kW at 60 Hz at the output coil.   The output coil can then supply the input coil indefinitely.

The conditioning process modifies the magnetisation of the ferrite slab.   Before the process the North pole is on one face of the magnet and the South pole on the opposite face.   After conditioning, the South pole does not stop at the mid point but extends to the outer edges of the North pole face, extending inwards from the edge by about 6 mm.   Also, there is a magnetic ‘bubble’ created in the middle of the North pole face and the position of this ‘bubble’ moves when another magnet is brought near it.

The conditioned slab has three coil windings:

1. The ‘A’ coil is wound first around the outer perimeter, each turn being 150 + 100 + 150 + 100 = 500 mm long (plus a small amount caused by the thickness of the coil former material).   It has about 600 turns of 28 AWG (0.3 mm) wire.

2. The ‘B’ coil is wound across the 100 mm faces, so one turn is about 100 + 25 + 100 + 25 = 250 mm (plus a small amount for the former thickness and clearing coil ‘A’).   It has between 200 and 500 turns of 20 AWG (1 mm) wire.

3. The ‘C’ coil is wound along the 150 mm face, so one turn is 150 + 25 + 150 + 25 = 350 mm (plus the former thickness, plus clearance for coil ‘A’ and coil ‘B’).   It has between 200 and 500 turns of 20 AWG (1 mm) wire and should match the resistance of coil ‘B’ as closely as possible.

Coil ‘A’ is the input coil. Coil ‘B’ is the output coil. Coil ‘C’ is used for the conditioning and for the production of gravitational effects.


At time of writing, information and photographs of the original device can be found on this website where a paper by Michael Watson gives much practical information.   For example, he states that an experimental set up which he made, had:
The ‘A’ coil with a resistance of 70 ohms and an inductance of 63 mH,
The ‘B’ coil, wound with 23 AWG wire with a resistance of 4.95 ohms and an inductance of 1.735 mH, and
The ‘C’ coil, also wound with 23 AWG wire, with a resistance of 5.05 ohms and an inductance of 1.78 mH.


Collapsing Field Technology.
At the website http://community-2.webtv.net/hotmail.com/prime137/ConvertingOffShelf/ the following, very interesting presentation is made: CFT- (Collapsing Field Technology) - Updated 2008 In electrical systems, the term "back emf" actually refers to the equal and opposite force field accompanying the "forward emf", in any "symmetrical" electrical system. In magnetic systems, the corresponding term is "forward and back magnetic motive force", rather than "forward and back electric motive force".

All rotating motors actually turn themselves from the broken symmetry which is created inside them. The present day engineers have been taught that they must pay to put extra energy into the system, just to break its symmetry. That of course is totally false. Otherwise, a rotating electron (with its continual spin) would not spin.

In a normal motor, we are taught to put in a coil (say, there in the back mmf region) and then we pay to put in a sudden surge of electromagnetic energy into that coil, so that it momentarily overrides (cancels) the back mmf force. In short, we momentarily make the system asymmetrical, so that its net back mmf is less than its forward mmf.

That means that now the motor retains at least some of its excess acceleration and excess angular momentum added to the flywheel and shaft in its previous acceleration (forward mmf) zone, but we are "paying" (the electric power grid) to have this occur.

Anyway, once that broken symmetry between forward and back mmfs is there, with the back mmf deliberately reduced so that it is less than the forward mmf, the motor will self-rotate because of its own system asymmetry.

For more than one hundred years this effect has been viewed as a problem to be designed out of electrical systems, perhaps because of greed. No one had seriously considered it as a source of abundant free energy. Everyone knew it was there, but no one recognised it’s potential.

Standard electrical generator systems can be modified inexpensively to the Over-Unity / Asymmetrical design concept by the addition of a second set of commutator brushes and/or the addition of a second slip ring assembly. Present day electrical generators can be converted to Over-Unity output, as asymmetrical rotation can be achieved in just a few hours of adaptation work.

The additional commutator and slip ring collect, or scavenge, the collapsing electromagnetic fields (C.E.M.F.) of both the armatures and field coils of standard electrical generator sets. Present day electrical generator design throws away the tremendous amount of electrical energy stored in these collapsing fields. You pay for it, so why not get the benefit from it?

Everyone who makes use of electrical circuits has always considered the collapsing field effect to be a nuisance because, when using a mechanical relay coil in an electronic circuit, it would cause a current to be pumped back into the circuit, creating havoc. One solution to the problem of C.E.M.F. was to install a diode across the coil leads so that when the power was removed, the C.E.M.F. caused a current flow which passed through the diode and which was dissipated as heat in the coil itself, rather than in the circuit.

So, to effect this modification, on the armature / exciter element just install a second set of brushes or slip rings, the exact amount behind the driver units which is needed to collect the C.E.M.F. of the armature field collapse, and take it out of the system to be used as an additional generated electrical supply.

The additional new C.E.M.F. outputs can easily be phased to the original output system load wiring. These modifications more than double the generator’s output power for just a small modification cost / time, and no increase in operating costs.

This general design modification allows almost any currently manufactured electrical generator to be an over-unity design, and with some additional external modifications a self-powered over-unity configuration can be obtained on most commercial electric generators by any competent electrical engineer. Why pay for fuel / power that you have available in your generator system already?

Again, just collect the C.E.M.F. of the armature and field coil’s collapses for far-over unity operation of these devices, and with external circuit additions, stand-alone, fuel-less electrical power is available to everyone, in the form of an off-the-shelf, self-sustaining, asymmetrical, electrical generator.

The same modifications can be made in most manufactured motors as they can easily be converted into generators. Just scavenge the collapses of the armature and field coil, control it with an external circuit, and you have a stand-alone over-unity electrical generator.


There is a stationary "motionless electromagnetic generator” design, based on the Alexander patent that has been built experimentally. No far out zero-point vacuum explanations are needed to explain its operation. The best form of any such generator would have no moving parts. Looking at any common transformer, and considering how it works, supplies the answer. In any kind of transformer, electricity is transferred between the two coils by the magnetic field. When a coil is initially powered up or switched off, that coil creates a magnetic field which causes a rush of electricity, usually called a 'voltage spike'. In conventional electronics, this voltage spike is suppressed to protect the other circuit components from damage. In collapsing field technology (CFT), that voltage spike is harnessed, rather than being suppressed.

If I take a DC signal generator power supply, and connect it to the primary of the transformer, I can make a generator of sorts. I'll turn on the DC signal in the primary coil windings for just an instant, and then turn it off. In the secondary there is a flux linkage which mirrors the primary signal and this is some 90% of the input power. But we can recover this field collapse in the secondary' and gain an additional 90% of the input power. Thus, any transformer secondary can produce a total output power which is about 180% of the input power in this mode, with a DC input signal which is a gradually applied quarter-sine or saw tooth wave shape.

But wait, we are throwing recoverable power away when the primary coil winding's field collapses. By applying the DC power input signal and then, when the input power is cut off, switch the primary winding's field collapse to the output also, the primary field collapse contributes at least another 90% to the output, for a grand total output power of about 270% of the input power, with this design.

The DC power signal must only power the primary winding up and then let disconnect at the peak voltage. This allows the primary winding to be switched to the output to recover the power in its field collapse, which is in synchronisation with the field collapse in the secondary winding.

Simple electronic switching can accomplish all of these functions, at little power usage and low cost. Therefore, the gain of a transformer over-unity generator would probably be about 250% output power to input power, and no mechanical movement is needed. Many old motors and generators could be adapted to this transformer design.

The armature must be held so that it is permanently stationary and the air gap between armature and field coils filled with iron filings. The air gap iron filings, or iron powder filling is to make the best use of the primary's (armature) full magnetic flux power. This produces the best transformer action and the highest power gain possible with this conversion design.

Cooling, through holes, can be left in the air gap if necessary in these units. The external switching electronic circuitry is the same as for the standard transformer design, described above. All we have done is to turn the motor / generator into a reasonable transformer.

What is happening in this design is that for one "up" drive voltage pulse (power signal) in the primary coil, we get the "up" (field build) in the secondary coil and the "downs" (field collapses) of both the secondary and primary coils, as output power. Think of the primary coils as coupled "springs" and it will all be clear.

This transformer / generator design has been the nature of electromagnetic coils all the time - we just never saw it. If the unit is actuated 60 times a second, allowing for the counter-electromotive force field collapses, it makes a standard household 60 Hz electrical power generator. This design concept is the natural last step after recovery of secondary collapses was introduced in generator designs. The same gain principle and results could then be achieved in capacitor systems. The charge (up) cycle from the secondary plate and the two discharge cycles from both the secondary and primary plates would be the output power. The basic external switching electronics is generally the same as in the transformer designs.

These designs are in the basic nature of energy storage / transfer elements - one input power pulse produces one input transfer plus two storage collapses or discharges as output power, which is a gain of about 300%.


Rosemary Ainslie.   Rosemary Ainslie has produced a pulsed heater system which has been measured at a performance of COP = 17. This is a recent design and as far as I am aware, has not yet been replicated by other people. Panacea-bocaf.org are working with Rosemary's original developers to produce an independent implementation of the heater. At this point in time, the heater has been built to a prototype testing scale for laboratory examination and measurement and not been produced in the kilowatt range, which, hopefully, will come at a later date.

Panacea have produced a 250-page document describing the research, the testing, the theory, etc. and that can be downloaded free using this link.

As that document contains the details which scientists need to see for serious testing and development, it may be a little technical for some people, so Panacea have produced a simplified version aimed at the average home-build investigator and that can be downloaded free using this link.

In very broad outline, the circuit produces the same very short, very sharp voltage pulses that are the basis for so many "free-energy" devices. The circuit used looks very simple but in spite of that, the way that it operates is not at all simple. The circuit is shown below and to a quick glance, it looks like a standard 555 timer chip circuit, used in many existing applications. However, if the circuit is operated as a 555 pulsing circuit, then the output is not COP>1.

Looking more closely, we notice that the link between the output of the 555 chip on pin 3 and the input gate pin of the Field-Effect Transistor, is unusual as it is not the usual voltage divider between pin 3 and the 0-volts ground line. Instead, the gate is directly coupled to the 555 chip output by a single, low-resistance preset resistor.

Normally, an NE555 chip struggles to reach 50,000 cycles per second and a large number of 555 chips on the market can't even operate at even that frequency. To get Rosemary's circuit into it's COP>1 operation, the resistor marked "GATE" is adjusted very slowly to find the point at which the circuit becomes unstable, over-rides the normal operation of the 555 chip and starts oscillating at the resonant frequency of the overall circuit, forcing the 555 chip to become a feedback component. The circuit then produces the sharp, short voltages spikes at more than ten times the operating speed of the 555 chip and pulsing the 10-ohm heating element marked "LOAD" at about 500,000 pulses per second.

That rate of operation is clearly well outside the possible performance of an NE555 chip, besides which, the timing elements of the chip should be producing a much lower frequency, as indeed it does before the "GATE" resistor adjustment causes the circuit to break out of its normal design-mode operation and start the high-speed spike generating, resonant performance. The circuit used is shown here:


As Panacea-bocaf are working to test and develop this circuit further, it would be a good idea to download their free documentation on the design and keep an eye on their progress in this field. The two documents give very considerable detail on the work which has already been done, and of course, you can yourself, experiment with this circuit and see what results and adjustments you can discover yourself.



Patrick Kelly
engpjk@yahoo.co.uk
http://www.free-energy-info.co.uk/